Day 10 - It's never the way you remember it
Learning Targets - Students will be able to identify the primary models of memory formation and distinguish between the different forms of memory involved in cognition.
Opener - Why might it be so critical that criminal investigators question a witness as soon as possible following an event?
Activity #1 - Mini-lecture
Cognitive biases are errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes
The study of cognitive biases is important both because it relates to the important psychological theme of accuracy versus inaccuracy in perception, and because being aware of the types of errors that we may make can help us avoid them and therefore improve our decision-making skills.
Source monitoring refers to the ability to accurately identify the source of a memory. Perhaps you’ve had the experience of wondering whether you really experienced an event or only dreamed or imagined it. If so, you wouldn’t be alone. Rassin, Merkelbach, and Spaan (2001) reported that up to 25% of undergraduate students reported being confused about real versus dreamed events. Studies suggest that people who are fantasy-prone are more likely to experience source monitoring errors (Winograd, Peluso, & Glover, 1998), and such errors also occur more often for both children and the elderly than for adolescents and younger adults (Jacoby & Rhodes, 2006).
Existing schemas can also lead to schemas lead to confirmation bias, which is the tendency to verify and confirm our existing memories rather than to challenge and disconfirm them.
Misinformation effect refers to errors in memory that occur when new information influences existing memories.
Activity #2 - With a partner....
The infographic below comes from an article by Business Insider. It outlines the different types of cognitive biases that can shape out thoughts and understanding according to their own research.
Answer each of the following:
1. Explain which of these types of bias would be most dangerous for someone in each of the following scenarios:
Cognitive biases are errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes
The study of cognitive biases is important both because it relates to the important psychological theme of accuracy versus inaccuracy in perception, and because being aware of the types of errors that we may make can help us avoid them and therefore improve our decision-making skills.
Source monitoring refers to the ability to accurately identify the source of a memory. Perhaps you’ve had the experience of wondering whether you really experienced an event or only dreamed or imagined it. If so, you wouldn’t be alone. Rassin, Merkelbach, and Spaan (2001) reported that up to 25% of undergraduate students reported being confused about real versus dreamed events. Studies suggest that people who are fantasy-prone are more likely to experience source monitoring errors (Winograd, Peluso, & Glover, 1998), and such errors also occur more often for both children and the elderly than for adolescents and younger adults (Jacoby & Rhodes, 2006).
Existing schemas can also lead to schemas lead to confirmation bias, which is the tendency to verify and confirm our existing memories rather than to challenge and disconfirm them.
Misinformation effect refers to errors in memory that occur when new information influences existing memories.
In an experiment by Loftus and Palmer (1974), participants viewed a film of a traffic accident and then, according to random assignment to experimental conditions, answered one of three questions:
- “About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?”
- “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other?”
- “About how fast were the cars going when they contacted each other?”
The ease with which memories can be created or implanted is particularly problematic when the events to be recalled have important consequences.
Activity #2 - With a partner....
The infographic below comes from an article by Business Insider. It outlines the different types of cognitive biases that can shape out thoughts and understanding according to their own research.
Answer each of the following:
1. Explain which of these types of bias would be most dangerous for someone in each of the following scenarios:
- A witness to a robbery
- Someone looking to invest their money in businesses
- When you meet a new neighbor
2. Find, or create, at least three scenarios where an advertiser or marketer might use a consumer's biases to increase the likelihood that you would buy their products.
3. How might politicians use bias in order to win votes, or turn voters against opposing candidates?
Close - Post at least 2 questions here:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1iKDtCmP_Q4AHlAjd2APb2qjx2U2xTSgqM71Hmvl9KK4/edit?usp=sharing
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